There are
four areas in the world where the average density of population is more than
100 persons per sq. km. These are:
1. East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan).
2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Maldives and Nepal).
3. North-West Europe (UK,
France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Ireland, Denmark,
Spain, Portugal and Italy).
4. Eastern North America (North-East United States and
South-East Canada).
All these areas of dense population lie in
the northern hemisphere and are so placed that more than 75 per cent of the
world’s population is now concentrated between the Tropic of Cancer and 70°
north. Of these, China and the subcontinent of
India have been having large populations from the earliest times. Europe is
less ancient, and the United States has become densely populated only during
the last two hundred years.
Except in Japan, Hong Kong, Macau, South Korea, Singapore
and Taiwan, the population of East and South Asian countries is living mainly
in rural areas. The people are directly or indirectly engaged in agriculture.
They are largely dependent on primary activities (agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, and mining) which reflect the food-producing potential of the land.
In China, the valleys of Yangtezekiang, Hawang Ho and
Sikiang have great clustering of population. In India, the
Sutlej-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains, the eastern coastal plains and the valleys of
the perennial rivers are densely populated. In Pakistan, the province of
Punjab, traversed by the five rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej)
and the delta of Indus are densely populated.
The entire alluvial tracts of Bangladesh, excepting parts
of the Chittagong Hills, have high density of population. The valley of Nepal
and the coastal areas of Sri Lanka also have heavy concentrations of
population.
In contrast to the distributional pattern of population is
South-East Asia, the European and North American areas of high population
densities consist of urban agglomerations. The industrial development and
tertiary activities (services) in cities and towns have drawn people from the
villages and countryside and over three-fourth of the populations in Europe and
America today live in cities.
While the highest population densities occur in China and
India, the highest urban densities are found in Singapore (100%), Kuwait (98%),
Belgium (97%), the Netherlands (92%), and the United Kingdom (91%). The
European and American population agglomerations could become large because of
certain other favourable physical factors. The climate of these regions is mild
and temperate in which a variety of crops can be grown. Wheat, barley, oats,
rye, sugar beet, potatoes, fodder, maize, fruits, grapes and oilseeds grow well
up to Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Norway and Faroes Islands (Denmark).
The fast growth of European population thus may largely be
attributed to industrial development and exploitation of resources of the
colonial countries for food and raw materials. The densely populated regions of
North America have a very short history. Up to 1492, America was not known to
Europeans and it was Columbus who discovered it in 1492 and provided a virgin
land for the growing population of Europe. The population of America started
growing fast only after the Industrial Revolution in 1779.
The North American concentration developed as an outlet for
the European population. By 1750, small numbers of British, Dutch, German,
French, Irish, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian emigrants settled along the
north-eastern coast of North America. They superseded the Native Americans (Red
Indians) who were displaced westward and were decimated by war, disease and
other traumatic effects of cultural contact.
Apart from the above described four major regions of dense
population, there is also isolated and scattered nuclei population density in
higher. Among these small centers of dense population, the deltas of Mekong,
Chao-Phraya, Menam and Irrawaddy rivers as well as the Indonesian island of
Java are noteworthy.
Africa’s most densely populated areas include the linear
concentration along the Nile Valley in Egypt, the ring of settlement around
Lake Victoria and the coastal areas of Nigeria. The Latin American areas of
high population concentration include the central part of Mexico, where nearly
half the nation’s population lives.
In Central Mexico, rural densities exceed 2,600 persons per
square kilometer, and Mexico City (with a population of about 20 million) is a
leading world metropolis.
The coastal areas of Venezuela, Peru, Brazil and Argentina,
with cores around the cities of Caracas, Santiago, Lima, Bogota,
Rio-de-Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires, respectively, are also areas of
high population density.
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